RCT ADJUSTING FOR COVARIATES

Here, we perform an investigation of adjusted and unadjusted power in the setting of RCT when there is a predictive biomarker. ‘Predictive and prognostic terms are misused in personalized medicine and biomarker studies. The correct definition of the two, at least when it comes to data, is the same. Here is how the terms are being misused in personalized precision medicine prognostic is taken to mean predictive and predictive is taken to mean interaction , that is, the ability to predict differences in treatment effectiveness over values of patient covariates.’ (Frank Harrell)